Quotes from Anti-Slavery Activist Angelina Grimké

Quotes from Anti-Slavery Activist Angelina Grimkà © Angelina Grimkà © and her older sister Sarah Moore Grimkà © were born to a slaveholding family in Americas South. They became Quakers, and then became antislavery and womens rights speakers and activists - in fact, they were the only white Southern women known to be part of the abolitionist movement. Grimkà ©s family was prominent in Charleston, South Carolina, society, and were major slaveholders. Angelina was the youngest of fourteen siblings and was always closest with her older sister, Sarah, who was thirteen years older than her. As a teenager, she began her first anti-slavery activities by teaching her familys slaves about religion. Her faith became a major part of the foundation of her abolitionist views, believing that slavery was an un-Christian and immoral institution, although other Christians of her time had found Bible verses and interpretations that they could claim supported slavery. Because of the way that her fellow Presbyterian endorsed slavery, Grimkà ©s abolitionist beliefs were not welcomed, and she was expelled from the church in 1829. She became a Quaker instead, and realizing that she would never be able to change the beliefs of Southern slaveowners, she and Sarah moved to Philadelphia. Even the Quakers slow reform proved too gradual for Angelina, and she became involved in the radical abolition movement. Among her most famous published letters was An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, published in 1836 to try to persuade Southern women of the evils of slavery. She and her sister Sarah both became abolitionist speakers throughout New England, sparking new discussions (and controversies) about womens rights as well as abolition. In February 1838, Angelina addressed the Massachusetts State Legislature, defending the abolition movement and womens rights to petition and becoming the first American woman to address a legislative assembly. Her lectures drew some criticism, as she pointed out that passive complicity, not just active slave-owning, propped up the institution of slavery, but she was generally respected for her eloquence and persuasiveness. Even after Grimkà ©s health declined in later years, she still corresponded with activist friends and continued her activities on a smaller, more personal scale. Selected Angelina Grimkà © Quotations I recognize no rights but human rights I know nothing of mens rights and womens rights; for in Christ Jesus there is neither male nor female. It is my solemn conviction that, until this principal of equality is recognized and embodied in practice, the church can do nothing effectual for the permanent reformation of the world.Women ought to feel a particular sympathy in the colored mans wrong, for, like him, she has been accused of mental inferiority, and denied the privileges of a liberal education....thou art blind to the danger of marrying a woman who feels and acts out the principle of equal rights...Hitherto, instead of being a help meet to man, in the highest, noblest sense of the term, as a companion, a co-worker, an equal; she has been a mere appendage of his being, an instrument of his convenience and pleasure, the pretty toy with which he whiled away his leisure moments, or the pet animal whom he humored into playfulness and submission.Abolitionists never sought place or po wer. All they asked was freedom; all they wanted was that the white man should take his foot off the negros neck. Slavery always has, and always will, produce insurrections wherever it exists, because it is a violation of the natural order of things.My friends, it is a fact that the South has incorporated slavery into her religion; that is the most fearful thing in this rebellion. They are fighting, verily believing that they are doing God service.I know you do not make the laws, but I also know that you are the wives and mothers, the sisters and daughters, of those who do.If a law commands me to sin I will break it; if it calls me to suffer, I will let it take its course unresistingly. Selected Sources Grimkà ©, Angelina (1836). An Appeal to Christian Women of the South. http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/abolitn/abesaegat.html Grimkà ©, Angelina (1837). Letter to Catharine Beecher.  Quoted in American Political Thought: New York: W.W. Norton, 2009. Grimkà ©, Sarah Moore (1838).  Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Condition of Woman: Addressed to Mary S. Parker. Archive.org. Weld, Theodore Dwight, Grimkà ©, Angelina, Sarah Grimkà © (1839). American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/weld/weld.html

Comparative Economic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative Economic Systems - Essay Example While proponents of this global economic model argue that this is the best possible system, there are also those who strongly oppose various aspects of this system. Taking a historical perspective, we see that the events of the two centuries are shaped and defined by the practice of capitalism. In a way, the peaking of European colonialism coincided with the consolidation of capitalist economic theory, which ultimately replaced it. In other words, the power and influence wielded by large multinational corporations today (which are the faà §ade of global capitalism) is nothing short of a variant of imperialism. While conceding that concentrations of power and finance in and of themselves do not lead to oppression and injustice, empirical evidence of the workings of the capitalist model suggests such an outcome. Similarly, while neo-liberal economic paradigm might have improved the Gross National Products of individual nations and improved the general standards of living, there are ot her aspects to human wellbeing that is not easily measured and fulfilled (Dixon, 1998, p.125). For instance, when assessing economic systems, it is only logical to consider the consequences to the environment alongside measures of human standard of living. There is an emerging consensus among intellectuals and research scholars that there is indeed a strong correlation between the two concepts. In other words, it is rarely a coincidence that poverty thrives in hostile geographies and that affluence is usually seen in ambient landscapes. Apart from the literal sense of the word, ‘environment’ could also be taken to mean the political and socio-cultural context of a particular geographic space. Further, global capitalism has led to the practice of exploitation of cheap labor offered by Third World nations. So, while global capitalism is further developing the length and breadth of its reach, it benefits certain

The Sixties Cultural Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Sixties Cultural Movement - Essay Example The 1960s was a significant period within modern history. It could be said that it was when society as a whole began to realize that there was individual freedom within humanity, that life need not be dictated by those who controlled us that life is a personal choice. It was also a time when America began seeing itself for what it is, their government policies especially their foreign policy was always based on profit and the American people understood that they needed to be more sympathetic to other people. It was a reawakening because previously during history the population could be recruited for whatever means to serve the government especially during times of war however, during the sixties many people fought and protested against war recruitment. It was a moment when humanity could re-examine themselves and their lives that society could be changed just like the efforts of the African-American people as a segregated minority. It was a time of possibility. In the 1950s America h ad great faith in their political system, America went to war with Korea and not many protested, McCarthyism was rampant and the people were led to believe in rampant anticommunism. From these roots of an anticommunist stance did the 1960s take place and the war against Vietnam was built on these reasons. Even within literature did the American beliefs penetrate there was a naà ¯ve impression of American anticommunism.... dictator, General The. Aside from the war policy of America against Vietnam there were other important events that took place in the 1960s that affected the world and America was at the center where there were many movements and protests against the formal government. Science & Religion in the Sixties There was an expansive surge on science during the sixties and if the details could be believed, man has landed on the moon. Neil Armstrong, an astronaut landed on the moon in 1969 after President Kennedy launched a space race between America and Russia. Earlier on in the fifties the USSR have managed to send several dogs in orbit in space to test whether it was feasible for man to travel there. Before Armstrong was able to reach the moon the Russians in 1961 was already orbiting space3. It could be said that the science of astrology and space travel during this time was reaching its all-new high. Satellites were being sent to orbit the earth and these weren't minor achievements. Satellites are what we use today to receive signals for our televisions, our wireless internet, our mobile phones, we use satellite technology today almost everyday. Science also reached its fictitious zenith where it came to the point that it could create its own religion. The Church of Scientology was founded in 1955 by a fiction writer named L. Ron Hubbard. In the 1960s, as all counter-cultural movement goes, it developed its own stances to living daily life and cultures and created their own basic principles. Today, Scientology is no longer a completely 'New-Age' phenomenon as many people and celebrities begin to embrace its practices. Sixties and Politics When the settlers came to America they fought for a

Trade unions and management Essay Example for Free

Trade unions and management Essay It is evident from the literature that there has been a sharp decrease in the use of collective bargaining between trade unions and management in deciding employment agreements for employees (e. g. Milner, 1995; Poole Mansfield,1993). Many authors argue that movement towards the individualization of employment relations is replacing the traditional collectivist approach, with the individual negotiation of personalized employment agreements becoming increasingly more favoured over the collective negotiation between trade unions and managements (Milner, 1995; Welch Leighton, 1996). Within this essay, individualism and collectivism mainly revolve around the employment agreement, which is described by Welch and Leighton (1996) as being the main legal mechanism for establishing the rules of work for the employer and individual employees. Brown et al. (2000, p. 616) define the employment contract as being the outcome of a transaction that encompasses both the entitlements and the obligations of the employee. These entitlements encompass commonly associated factors such as pay and fringe benefits, however, what is commonly forgotten is that contracts also regulate the obligations placed on employees such as workloads and job descriptions (Brown et al. , 2000). These are elements that can be either negotiated collectively or individually. In this essay we commence by outlining the meanings of collectivism and individualism the different dimensions of collectivism and individualism in employment relations, and the relations between them. Then we discussed how the movement from collectivism to individualism has been expressed in the pay systems. Collectivism and Individualism Individualism has been viewed as closely associated with unitarism as it suggests shared interests and therefore a preference for a relationship between the individual employee and the manager which is direct and unmediated by collective employee representation. Pluralism has been viewed as being related to collectivism in that this perspective implies conflicting employee-management interests and consequently a preference for collective institutions and procedures in the form of trade unions or collective bargaining. However it has been argued that the tendency to equate unitarism with individualism and pluralism with collectivism in this way fails to do justice to the complexity of management approaches as they relate to the individual and the collective at the workplace(Purcell 1987 cited in the book by Ian Kessler John Purcell, 2003). Notions of individualism and collectivism have been used to characterize distinct but related dimensions of the employment relationship(Ian Kessler John Purcell,2003). Individualism directs attention to how employers manage the individual employee while collectivism encourages a focus on how employers address and deal with collective or representative institutions. Phelps Brown talks of ‘the sense of common interest and common purpose. ’ that united union members in the past (1990:11) and depicts post –war trade unionism as ‘A movement, and not simply a federation of bodies with common purposes. Its members were accustomed to address each other as brothers and sisters, and they did indeed feel a fraternal obligation to support one another. Within the ground rules of democracy, they saw themselves as committed to an adversarial approach in industrial relations and to a radical change in social and economic institutions. (1990:4)’ Trevor Colling (2003) explains that the problem with such perspectives is that they overstate the previous strength of collective identities and, in doing so, depict the current crisis of collectivism as being without precedent and unfathomably deep. Rise and decline of collective bargaining Collective bargaining is defined as ‘a voluntary, formalized process by which employers and independent trade unions negotiate, for specified groups of employees, terms and conditions of employment and the ways in which certain employment-related issues are to be regulated at national, organizational and workplace levels. ’ Lewis, Philip, Thornhill, Adrian, Saunders, Mark (2003). William Brown, Paul Marginson and Janet Walsh (2003) described collective bargaining as a term used when employers deal directly with the trade unions representing their employees in order to regulate the conduct and terms of their work. Flanders (1968) noted that collective bargaining does not involve the actual sale or hire of labour; it is a rule –making process which determines and regulates, in varying degrees, the terms on which individuals will be employed. Purcell reinforced industrial relations origins and strong traditional links with collectivism through the following quote. ‘The study of industrial relations grew out of a recognition that principles of wage fixing in industry, the pursuit of industrial citizenship and the determination of conditions of employment were most obviously, and best, achieved through collective bargaining between employers and representatives of the workforce. ’ Therefore, it can be stated that the original system of industrial relations had strong links with collectivism. Gunnigle, Turner and D’Art (1998) stated that the extent of collectivism in industrial relations may be accurately gauged through trade union penetration; which includes trade union density, recognition and reliance on collective bargaining. Therefore, the following empirical evidence of the rise and decline of collective employment agreements and trade unions will demonstrate trends in collectivism. Milner (1995) explained the data of collective pay setting institutions in Britain from 1895-1990, providing good data for the percentage of the workforce covered by collective bargaining throughout this period of time. In 1910, 15 percent of Britain’s workforce was covered by collective bargaining. This steadily rose to reach 42 percent by 1933 and 51 percent by 1939, peaking at 73 percent in 1973 (Milner, 1995). When the percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining is combined with those affected by trade boards and wage councils (statutory machinery), Milner’s (1995) data shows the overall coverage percentage peaked after World War Two at 89 percent in 1947. Brown et al. (2000) discovered that the proportion of all employees covered by collective agreements in British workplaces fell from 70 percent in 1984 to 54 percent in 1990, and further to 41 percent in 1998. Brown et al. (2000) also cite that the traditional form of multi-employer, industry-wide or national collective bargaining has significantly reduced from 43 percent in 1980 to 14 percent in 1998. Poole and Mansfield (1993) discovered in their study of managers who were also members of the British Institute of Management that the proportion of managers actually involved in collective bargaining dropped from 20 percent in 1980 to 17. 4 percent in 1990, which is a minimal drop when compared to the findings of other studies. However, Poole and Mansfield (1993) interestingly found that informal meetings between managers and union representatives had substantially declined, with 48. 5 percent of managers engaging in such practices in 1980 whilst only 31. 3 percent did in 1990. This trend of union membership rise and decline in Britain is clearly typified by Figure 1, extracted from Disney, Gosling and Machin (1995, p. 404). Although the above data is only from Britain, it is clear from the literature that the decline in trade union membership is not isolated to Britain. Harbridge and Crawford (2000) cite evidence that virtually all OECD countries have experienced negative or reduced employment growth, and that throughout the 1980’s union density fell in all OECD countries except Finland, Iceland and Sweden. The arrival of a government in 1997 that was more sympathetic to trade unions, and the subsequent passing out of the 1999 employment relations act, has tended to reverse the trend towards complete withdrawal from collective bargaining, and even to encourage ‘re-recognition’ of unions in many firms. But this reversal appears to be very much on terms laid down by employers. Factors contributing to decline in collectivism One of the major and most complex factors literature mentions as contributing to the decline in collectivisation relates to the corresponding decline in trade union membership and hence trade union power. Purcell (1993) explains that membership fees are the most important way for trade unions to collect their revenue, and from this it can be extended that if membership declines, then so does the trade unions income and hence power and financial ability to protect its members. Trade unions are the collective force that drive collective bargaining within employment agreements, and the weaker they get, the weaker the influence of collective bargaining. Brown et al. (2000, p. 612) support this link between the strength of trade unions and collective bargaining, and suggest factors that may have contributed to the recent decline in both areas through the following statement: ‘During the previous two decades the membership of trade unions and the coverage of collective bargaining had contracted substantially, battered by Competitive, legal and structural change. ’ Purcell (1993) cites a number of legal changes in Britain that have contributed to the decline in the power and influence of trade unions and collective bargaining. These include abolishing the closed shop, requiring balloting for strike action, and making unions vicariously liable for a wide range of industrial action contemplated or conducted by union representatives or their members (Purcell, 1993). Actions such as these that limit the trade union rights to use industrial action give a big disadvantage to the unions, as industrial action is one of the main tools unions use against the employers (Welch Leighton, 1996). Because of this many employees leave the trade unions or see no point in joining them because the unions do not have the power to represent their views in an effective manner; they are paying the union fees for no benefit (Purcell, 1993; Welch Leighton, 1996). Decisions taken by the employers can also contribute towards the derecognition of trade unions leading to individualism of employment relations. Tuckman and Finnerty (1998) argue that without trade unions employers are able to pressurize the employees to accept reforms . Purcell explains that shifting to single employer bargaining enables firms to easily bring in new payment systems and grade structures and also enables the firms to link the management of labour to product market instead of the external labour market. There is also a view that says Individualised contracts allow employees to negotiate terms and conditions related to their needs as they are directly involved in the bargaining, especially in terms of factors such as performance related pay(Tuckman Finnerty,1998). Managers have also been assumed to prefer the unitary system of industrial relations within the work place compared to the pluralist system(Poole Mansfield, 1993). This unitary approach is linked to individualisation of the employment contracts, with employers and employees negotiating together to discuss the terms and conditions of employment contracts. In contrast the collective approach is viewed as being very pluralist in nature due to trade unions from outside the workplace being brought in to negotiate employment conditions or advocate for employees rights. Purcell (1993) asserts that employers have changed their tactics concerning trade unions to reflect this change to unitarism by deciding to compete with trade unions rather than confronting them, thereby reducing the need for employees to contemplate union membership. Trevor Colling (2003) identifies three variants of explanation for the decline in collectivized employee relations. Those suggesting that decline has been secular emphasize the absence of demand for collective channels of representation and explain this by shifts in the composition of the economy and labour markets. Others point to high-commitment strategies and the extent to which employers have been successful in garnering the trust and allegiance of their employees. Some see the trend as a strategic one, created by deliberate employer actions, facilitated by state policy, to secure managerial prerogative and close down joint regulation. Ian Kessler and John Purcell(2003) explains that since the 1979 changes in the state’s conception of good industrial relations, linked to the decline in union strength ,have allowed management greater choice over which style of employee management to adopt. Ian Kessler and John Purcell (2003) points to some calls for a move towards non-union forms of individualism, particularly among key employer organizations. Howell (1995: 163) notes how in the late 1980s the institute of directors called for: ‘The almost complete individualization of industrial relations, meaning individual pay contracts and merit pay in place of national agreements and collective bargaining, employee shareholding, individualized training, and either the elimination of any role for the trade unions or a minimalist role in which trade unions provide services for their members but do not engage in collective bargaining and have a limited right to strike. ’ Changes in the level of collective bargaining, in particular a move towards decentralization from multi-employer to single-employer, and from single employer to multi-plant, may also be an important indicator of the decline in collective industrial relations ( Mcloughlin, I and Gourlay,S,1993). The wide spread introduction of the system of Human Resource Management (HRM) has been postulated to be a large contributor to the move away from trade unions and collective bargaining towards unitarism and individualized contracts, and this will now be discussed.

Americans Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay -- Constitutional

Americans Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our rights as Americans started to take shape when the Constitution of the United States was drawn up by the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Three years later, a very important part of American history called the Bill of Rights was added. The Bill of Rights is looked upon and interpreted every day. It gives the citizens of the United States many of the rights and freedoms that we value today, and some of those are in jeopardy. One right that is at stake is our right to bear arms, which is addressed in the Second Amendment. The Second Amendment is a highly debatable topic, and many legal scholars and the Supreme Court have yet to resolve the issues and controversy dealing with the Amendment. Until a decision can be made, the law will remain as it is currently interpreted. The citizens of the United States of America have the right to keep and bear arms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controversy about the Second Amendment is derived from how it is worded (Jordan). The debate about the wording can be broken into two different arguments. To understand the arguments it is important to know how the Amendment is worded. The Second Amendment states, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (qtd. in Anastaplo 61).† The first argument is that some people view the Second Amendment as two separate rights. The right of the people to keep and bear arms can be interpreted with the idea that each individual has the right to keep and bear arms; whereas, it could be a collective right giving just the members of the Militia the right to have guns (Gold). It is believed that the original meaning of the right to bear arms and the militia in the same Amendment was because in the early times of America the citizens needed weapons to guarantee th eir freedom and prevent the government from forming a dictatorship (Edel xi). The second debate is that the Amendment is one statement, therefore meaning that the militia has the right to bear arms. The problem of understanding the meaning of the Second Amendment has been brought before many courts all across America and has been ruled upon in different ways at different times. However, the Supreme Court has never declared it illegal to own guns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years, t... ...iminals would be able to get guns illegally if they wanted them (Smith 25). It comes down to the age old saying of â€Å"guns do not kill people, people kill people.† The ability to keep and bear arms is also a right given to the American people by the Bill of Rights and was reinstated when one of the framers, Thomas Jefferson, said, â€Å"No free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms.† Works Cited Anastaplo, George. The Amendments to the Constitution: A Commentary. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1995. Chidsey, Donald Barr. The Birth of the Constitution: An Informed History. New York: Crown, 1964. Edel, Wilbur. Gun Control: Threat to Liberty or Defense Against Anarchy?. London: Praeger, 1995. Gold, Bruce. â€Å"The 2nd Amendment: A Historical Understanding.† Keep and Bear Arms.com. 5 April 2004 Hickok, Eugene W., ed. The Bill of Rights: Original Meaning and Current Understanding. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1991. Jordan, Stan. â€Å"The Common Sense 2nd Amendment.† Keep and Bear Arms.com. 2001. 5 April 2004 Klein, Chuck. â€Å"What the Second Amendment Says.† The Cincinnati Enquirer 28 March 2001: B7. 5 April 2004 Smith, Guy. Gun Facts Version 2.0. 2000. 1 April 2004

A Mystery of Heroism by Stephen Crane

Stephen Crane’s story entitled â€Å"A Mystery of Heroism† can be said as a great story in terms of using signs, symbols, language use, power, and character emotion.Crane used different expressive words to show the readers the situation of the soldiers while waiting for a big battle. They were not good-looking because of the dust and dirt that went through their bodies and uniforms. The readers would truly understand the life and situation of the field where group of soldiers were looking forward to death as they march their bodies into the forest without any assurance of being alive.Personally, I can say that Crane made a good attack of simple yet significant kind of heroism in his story. He showed that heroism is not always about dying for your country or people; it can also be shown as you face the risk of death for your own sake and for your company soldiers. It illustrates simplicity when it comes to the main conflict of the story – thirstiness.The soldiers are all thirsty but they refrain from going to the well for it will be the entry point to hell but Collins faced his fear of death and went to the well. For him, going to the well and get some drink would give him strength rather than ignoring his thirst and went to the battle and die.As first, his comrades influenced him to get some drink but as soon as he gets there, his dignity raised him to conquer his fear from all the manifestation of death that may surround him.As what the narrator described Collins, he was just a simple man with imperfection and uncertainties in life. He depicts Collins as â€Å"irritable, childish, and diabolical,† (Crane, 494).It means that though he was dignified as a man that led him to become a hero; he is an imperfect person with circumstances and irrational beliefs during his teenage years and can be the same while he was in the battle.However, Crane wanted to show that heroism is not about being perfect to face your lifetime. He wanted to shar e his thought that despite of all the flaws that a person has, he would still be proclaim as a hero once he makes a difference for the goodness of many.He used the setting soldier’s battle in the forest for it was always the situation where young men became heroes of the contemporary world. However, the irony within here is that heroism does not went through the battle itself fighting enemies to win the pride of the nation but doing a simple task to make all the comrades live by giving them liquid to refresh their empty and knuckled bodies.As I read the story, I felt sorrow and pain towards the soldiers. They need to be tough outside of their being even if they were weak within their souls.Through this, it can be seen that even they do not have the courage to do much things for their comrades and nation; they were already heroes of the country for they show the world that they could face the reality of death even if they do not deserve to die. It shows that they were all hero es from the day they went to the battle until they breathe their last.As a conclusion to this, Crane depicts the story of human heroism. It is a simple representation of true brotherhood and toughness. All soldiers deserve a great award for all their sacrifices and strength. Though it was a fictional story, the readers can feel the truthfulness of reality in the society. It showed that being a soldier is not just a simple job but a passionate responsibility to whole nation and they need to survive to be the armor of salvation.Work CitedCrane, Stephen. â€Å"A Mystery of Heroism†   p.490-496, 1895

Network of People in the Film Industry Essay example

Network of people in the film industry The film industry, unlike the music industry or the art world, consists of simultaneously literary, visual and audio elements. As a result, the film industry is a complex industry with talents from more diverse fields involved. According to a web page, Film Jobs Hierarchy (2013), the production of a film normally consist of four phases, namely development, pre production, production and post production, and an additional phase of distribution. Each involves different parties. This essay will analyze the networks of cooperation among these parties in different phases. In the development phase, the goals to be achieved are the finalization of the script and the acquisition of financial support. The†¦show more content†¦Another dominant character is the director. Since parties of different talents may have contradictory aspirations, the coordination of the team and resolution of conflicts are of utmost importance. To achieve these, the director, who is normally the highest authority in the creative side of the filmmaking hierarchy, supervises and coordinates the initial work of sub-directors and makes final decisions, which greatly influence the creative directions of these sub-directors. Division of sub-directors is varied in projects, but generally includes art director, casting director, director of audiography and director of photography. The art director is in charge of the costume artists and storyboard designers, the casting director is in charge of the execution of casting procedures, the director of audiography is in charge of the audiographers and co-work with the music director, and director of photography is in charge of the camera crews, for example lighting technicians and camera men. Their interaction with their subordinates are more of a top-down relation, thus they play a decisive role in determining the work of these technical personnel. 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